Екатерина Чернявская
C инициативой1 обеспечить адвокатов дополнительными гарантиями независимости при оказании квалифицированной юридической помощи в уголовном судопроизводстве выступил Президент РФ Владимир Путин. Президент предлагает уточнить положения ст. 49 Уголовно-процессуального кодекса и исключить фактическое использование разрешительного порядка допуска адвоката к участию в уголовном деле, действующего сейчас. Законопроектом, в частности, предполагается установить, что адвокат вступает в уголовное дело по предъявлении удостоверения и ордера, а не «допускается», как сейчас установлено в ч. 2 и ч. 4. cт. 49 УПК РФ. C момента вступления в уголовное дело, согласно документу, адвокат должен получить все процессуальные права.
В пояснительной записке подчеркивается, что предлагаемые изменения согласуются и с правовой позицией КС РФ. Напомним, КС РФ ранее указал, что предъявление адвокатом удостоверения и ордера, подтверждающего заключенное с ним соглашение о защите, является достаточным для реализации полномочий защитника. Также КС РФ отметил и то, что выполнение адвокатом процессуальных обязанностей защитника не может зависеть от усмотрения должностного лица или органа, в производстве которого находится уголовное дело, основанного на не перечисленных в уголовно-процессуальном законе обстоятельствах. Иная трактовка норм уголовно-процессуального законодательства, касающегося вступления адвоката в уголовное дело, по мнению Суда, противоречит Конституции РФ (Постановление КС РФ от 25 октября 2001 г. № 14-П).
Помимо этого, глава государства предлагает предоставить адвокатам и защитникам право по собственному ходатайству давать показания в качестве свидетеля по делу подзащитного, при условии, что такие показания будут даваться с согласия и в интересах подзащитного. Напомним, в настоящий момент адвокаты и защитники не могут быть допрошены в качестве свидетелей по делу подзащитного (п. 2-3 ч. 3 ст. 56 УПК РФ).
Также, предполагается установить, что адвокату не может быть отказано в удовлетворении ходатайства о привлечении к участию в производстве по уголовному делу специалиста для разъяснения вопросов по делу. При этом, согласно законопроекту, адвокату также должны быть предоставлены гарантии участия в следственных действиях, производимых по его ходатайству, или ходатайству его подзащитного.
И, наконец, важным дополнением, предлагаемым документом, является установление специального порядка производства обыска, осмотра и выемки в отношении адвоката. Для этого предполагается ввести в УПК РФ новую статью 450.1. Так, в случае одобрения поправок, обыск, осмотр или выемку в отношении адвоката (в том числе в жилых и служебных помещениях, используемых им для осуществления адвокатской деятельности) можно будет проводить только после возбуждения в отношении него уголовного дела или привлечения защитника в качестве обвиняемого либо на основании постановления судьи. При этом, законопроектом планируется установить, что в постановлении об обыске, осмотре или выемке должны быть обязательно указаны конкретные искомые объекты. Отметим, что согласно законопроекту, обыск и выемку можно будет проводить только в присутствии члена совета адвокатской палаты субъекта или иного уполномоченного президентом этой адвокатской палаты лица. При этом документом предлагается запретить изъятие адвокатского досье целиком, фотографировать, вести видеозапись и иным способом фиксировать его материалы. Законопроектом также планируется установить, что доказательства, полученные вопреки этому правилу, будут признаваться недопустимыми.
Отметим, что сейчас обыск, осмотр и выемка в отношении адвокатов проводятся на общих основаниях (ст. 182-183, 287 УПК РФ).
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