Трамп, налоги
Как Трамп собирается реформировать налоговую систему США
02.06.2017
Дональд Трамп обнадёжил американский бизнес очередной публикацией в своём микроблоге, посвящённой «масштабному характеру налоговой реформы», которая «протекает с опережением графика».
Это заявление стало очередным в серии коротких «отчётов» президента США в его аккаунте Twitter. Таким образом глава государства даёт положительный сигнал бизнесу, ожидающему обещанного снижения самого высокого в мире корпоративного налога с 35% до 15%, считают эксперты. RT разбирался, будет ли налог действительно снижен и к чему это приведёт.
Масштабная налоговая реформа, начатая новой американской администрацией, протекает с опережением графика. Об этом Дональд Трамп объявил в своём Twitter. Таким образом президент США напомнил бизнес-сообществу об обещанном снижении самого высокого в мире корпоративного налога с 35% до 15%, считают эксперты.
«Рассмотрение предложенного мною плана по проведению масштабной налоговой реформы/сокращению налогов продвигается весьма успешно, даже опережает намеченные сроки. Пусть все останутся в большом выигрыше!» — написал президент США в понедельник, 29 мая.
Одной из первых инициатив в экономической политике Дональда Трампа было реформирование налоговой системы, ей же отводилась значительная часть в предвыборной кампании президента. В гонке за кресло в Белом доме Трамп делал ставку на поддержку бизнеса и среднего класса — и не ошибся, напоминает RT американский бизнесмен и инвестор Джим Роджерс.
Так, основными направлениями в налоговом реформировании Трампа значатся: снижение максимальной ставки подоходного налога с 39,6% до 33% и упрощение прогрессивной шкалы налогообложения, в которой останутся только три ставки — 12%, 25% и 33%. Также президент намерен отменить прогрессивный налог на наследство и снизить ставку налога для компаний с 35% до 15%. По мнению президента США, высокий корпоративный налог тормозит развитие американской экономики.
Как заявил министр финансов США Стивен Мнучин, расходы на налоговую реформу покроют прогнозируемый рост экономики до 3% в год, однако глава финансового ведомства не привёл расчётов по окупаемости.
В целом администрация президента ожидает, что реформа позволит снизить долю американцев, живущих за чертой бедности. При Бараке Обаме этот показатель превышал 13,5% населения и составлял 43 млн человек.
Окончательный вариант реформы был опубликован на сайте Белого дома в конце апреля, однако реализация плана внушает экспертам и аналитикам серьёзные опасения.
Как отметил в разговоре с корреспондентом RT профессор факультета мировой экономики и мировой политики НИУ ВШЭ Виктор Супян, не существует прямой связи между снижением налогов и динамикой экономического роста.
«Сейчас аналитики оценивают показатели роста американской экономики в 2-2,5%, а Трамп в 4% — в этом первое несоответствие. Второе расхождение — в планах снижения налогов и увеличения государственных расходов на оборону и на инфраструктуру. Если не произойдёт экономического роста США, то это приведёт к дефициту бюджета, и запланированные программы будет просто не на что финансировать. В этой реформе заложены серьёзные противоречия и неопределённость для американской экономики» — пояснил RT профессор факультета мировой экономики и мировой политики НИУ ВШЭ Виктор Супян.Он напоминает, что Дональд Трамп также обещал освободить от налогообложения американцев с годовым доходом менее $25 тыс. и ликвидировать налог на наследство, стоимость которого оценивается менее чем в $5,5 млн.
Реформа для репутации
Согласно расчётам на 2018 финансовый год, которые представлены на сайте Белого дома,половину объёма бюджетных доходов в казну США обеспечат поступления от подоходного налога ($1 трлн 836 млрд), а также сборы по налогу на заработную плату (1 трлн 224 млрд), в том числе $892 млрд — на социальное обеспечение, $270 млрд — здравоохранение, $50 млрд — выплаты в рамках страхования на случай безработицы. Ещё $355 млрд поступят от корпоративного налога и $146 млрд от таможенных сборов, тарифов на импорт и косвенных налогов.
Поступления в бюджет США в 2016 году составили $3 трлн 276 млрд — это ниже прогнозируемого ранее уровня ($3 трлн 545 млрд). На долю подоходного налога пришлось 47% от общих поступлений в бюджет, налога на заработную плату — 34%, на долю корпоративного налога пришлось 9%. Остальные 10% были представлены акцизными сборами, налогами на наследство, процентами по депозитам Федеральной резервной системы и другими источниками.
Реализация реформы в налоговой сфере очень важна для президента США в первую очередь для поддержания репутации, утверждает генеральный директор аналитического департамента Alpari Research & Analysis в Великобритании Роберто д’Амброзио.
«Проведение изменений в системе здравоохранения и снижение налогов важно, так как это были предвыборные обещания Дональда Трампа. Возможно, это будет не всесторонняя налоговая реформа, но, по крайней мере, снижение налогов для корпораций», — рассказал RT Роберто д’Амброзио.
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