Елена Самтынова
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Новые правила противопожарного режима, утвержденные Постановлением Правительства РФ от 16 сентября 2020 г. № 1479, заменят действующий на сегодня порядок соблюдения противопожарного режима, утвержденный Постановлением Правительства РФ от 25 апреля 2012 г. № 390, в рамках механизма «регуляторной гильотины». Новые требования вступят в силу с 1 января 2021 года и будут действовать по 31 декабря 2026 года.
Документом, как и ранее, устанавливаются требования пожарной безопасности, определяющие порядок поведения людей, порядок организации производства и (или) содержания территорий, зданий, сооружений, помещений организаций и других объектов защиты в целях обеспечения пожарной безопасности.
В частности, исключены устаревшие требования. Например, в зданиях организаций отдыха детей и их оздоровления теперь разрешено размещать детей на этаже с одним эвакуационным выходом, но не более 10 человек. Ранее размещение детей в таких условиях не допускалось.
В отличие от прежних правил прописаны запреты на использование подвальных и цокольных этажей для организации детского досуга (детских развивающих центров, развлекательных центров, залов для проведения торжественных мероприятий и праздников, спортивных мероприятий), если это не предусмотрено проектной документацией.
Введены требования о запрете на объектах защиты установления глухих решеток на окнах и приямках у окон подвалов, являющихся аварийными выходами, за исключением случаев, специально предусмотренных законом. Также не допускается изменение объемно-планировочных решений и размещение инженерных коммуникаций и оборудования, в результате которых ограничивается доступ к огнетушителям, пожарным кранам и другим средствам обеспечения пожарной безопасности и пожаротушения или уменьшается зона действия систем противопожарной защиты (автоматической пожарной сигнализации, автоматических установок пожаротушения, противодымной защиты, оповещения и управления эвакуацией людей при пожаре, внутреннего противопожарного водопровода).
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Руководитель организации должен обеспечить наличие и исправное состояние механизмов для самозакрывания противопожарных (противодымных, дымогазонепроницаемых) дверей, а также дверных ручек, устройств «антипаника», замков, уплотнений и порогов противопожарных дверей, предусмотренных изготовителем. Не допускается устанавливать приспособления, препятствующие нормальному закрыванию противопожарных или противодымных дверей (устройств).
Для требования о размещаемых транспарантов и баннеров из негорючих материалов прописано уточнение. Теперь транспаранты и баннеры, а также другие рекламные элементы и конструкции, размещаемые на фасадах зданий и сооружений, должны быть выполнены из негорючих материалов или материалов с показателями пожарной опасности не ниже Г1, В1, Д2, Т2, если иное не предусмотрено в технической, проектной документации или в специальных технических условиях. При этом их размещение не должно ограничивать проветривание и естественное освещение лестничных клеток, а также препятствовать использованию других специально предусмотренных проемов в фасадах зданий и сооружений для удаления дыма и продуктов горения при пожаре.
Для руководителей медицинских организаций прописано обеспечить наличие в зданиях и сооружениях, в которых находятся пациенты, не способные передвигаться самостоятельно, помимо носилок из расчета одни носилки на пять пациентов, еще и средств индивидуальной защиты органов дыхания и зрения человека от опасных факторов пожара на каждого работника дежурной смены медорганизации. Кроме того, установлено требование по межкоечному расстоянию в больничных палатах, оно должно быть не менее 0,8 м, а центральный основной проход – шириной не менее 1,2 м. Дополнительно установлен запрет на группирование более двух кроватей.
Как и ранее, предусматриваются требования для объектов торговли, производственных, сельскохозяйственных объектов, транспорта и транспортной инфраструктуры, при выполнении строительно-монтажных работ и других работ. Отдельно прописаны требования противопожарной безопасности при применении и реализации пиротехнических изделий бытового назначения.
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