Елена Самтынова
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Минюст России представил проекты Кодекса РФ об административных правонарушениях и Процессуального Кодекса РФ об административных правонарушениях на общественное обсуждение, которое продлится до 19 февраля текущего года. Документы подготовлены во исполнение поручения Правительства РФ от 4 июня 2019 г. № ДМ-П4-29пр на основе Концепции нового КоАП1, в которой обозначены цели и задачи по обеспечению системности, эффективности и стабильности правового регулирования отношений в сфере административной ответственности, для достижения которых необходимо реформирование административного законодательства, в том числе выделение его процессуальной части в самостоятельный блок. Кроме того, как известно, большое количество правок норм действующего КоАП РФ существенно затрудняет его применение на практике.
В проекте нового КоАП2 представлены три раздела:
Общая часть, в которую включены общие положения, нормы об административной ответственности, о видах и вопросах назначения административных наказаний, освобождения от административной ответственности и от административного наказания, замены, отсрочки, рассрочки и приостановления исполнения административного наказания, административной ответственности несовершеннолетних;Особенная часть, предусматривающая составы конкретных административных правонарушений по видовым объектам противоправного посягательства и, соответственно, санкции за их совершение;а также раздел, посвященный субъектам административной юрисдикции.
К основным новеллам можно отнести следующие изменения. К ведению РФ в области законодательства об административных правонарушениях планируется отнести установление административной ответственности по законам субъектов РФ, принятым по предметам совместного ведения РФ и субъектов РФ. Также отдельно указывается о полномочиях органов местного самоуправления по участию в правовом регулировании законодательства об административной ответственности.
Предусматривается, что лицо, совершившее административное правонарушение за пределами РФ, будет подлежать административной ответственности, если правонарушение направлено против интересов РФ, а также в случаях, предусмотренных международным договором РФ, если указанное лицо ранее за это же правонарушение не привлекалось к ответственности в иностранном государстве. Сегодня эта норма действует лишь в отношении юрлица, нарушившего ст. 19.28 КоАП РФ (ч. 3 ст. 1.8 КоАП РФ).
Проект нового кодекса впервые конкретизирует необходимость соблюдения принципов справедливого и соразмерного административного наказания, а также проявления гуманизма при его назначении. Отдельно предусматривается категория грубых административных правонарушений, к которым планируется причислить административные правонарушения экстремистской, коррупционной направленности; в сфере оборота наркотических средств, психотропных веществ; в сфере оборота оружия; в сфере противодействия легализации доходов, полученных преступным путем, финансированию терроризма и распространения оружия массового уничтожения; изготовления порноматериалов с изображениями несовершеннолетних и их оборота; административные правонарушения, посягающие на конкуренцию; административные правонарушения на транспорте, в области дорожного движения, совершенные лицами в состоянии опьянения; административные правонарушения, выражающиеся в нарушении норм законодательства РФ, устанавливающих обязательные требования, нарушение которых считается грубым. Также административное правонарушение в отдельных случаях может быть признано грубым и судом. Кроме того, подробно раскрываются понятия длящихся, продолжаемых, однородных и повторных административных правонарушений.
В качестве самостоятельного субъекта административного правонарушения закреплены ИП, совершившие правонарушения в связи с осуществлением предпринимательской деятельности. Также предусматривается условие о запрете одновременного привлечения юрлица и его должностного лица к ответственности за одно и то же административное правонарушение, за исключением отдельных случаев.
В качестве общего правила указывается возможность назначения наказания в виде предупреждения (если оно предусмотрено санкцией статьи Особенной части кодекса), при совершении правонарушения впервые и в отсутствие отягчающих обстоятельств. К примеру, в действующей редакции ч. 1 ст. 20.1 КоАП РФ в качестве наказания за мелкое хулиганство предусматриваются административный штраф от 500 руб. до 1 тыс. руб. или арест на срок до 15 суток. В новой редакции предлагается больше вариантов наказаний, в числе которых появятся предупреждение, обязательные работы на срок до 40 часов и арест на срок до 15 суток, при этом планируется повысить штраф и назначать его в пределах от 3 тыс. до 5 тыс. руб.
Помимо этого, если отягчающих обстоятельств не установлено, предупреждением может быть заменен штраф за впервые совершенное административное правонарушение, не считающееся грубым и выявленное в ходе государственного или муниципального контроля. В соответствии с действующим КоАП РФ штраф может быть заменен на предупреждение только субъектам МСП, юрлицу, а также их работникам (ч. 3 ст. 3.4 КоАП РФ).
Верхние и нижние пределы штрафа могут быть ограничены только конкретными санкциями статей Особенной части нового кодекса. Норму о верхних границах штрафа предлагается сохранить лишь для административной ответственности, предусмотренной законами субъектов РФ, за исключением законов городов федерального значения. Так, штраф за совершение административных правонарушений, предусмотренных законами субъектов РФ, не должен превышать: для граждан – 5 тыс. руб., для должностных лиц – 50 тыс. руб., для ИП – 100 тыс. руб., для юрлиц – 500 тыс. руб.
Предусмотрена возможность конфискации маломерных судов, автомототранспортных средств, а также прицепов, не являющихся орудием или предметами совершения правонарушения, у собственников, привлеченных к административной ответственности за совершение отдельных административных правонарушений.
Предполагается ужесточение ответственности за некоторые нарушения в области безопасности дорожного движения. Например, за отказ от прохождения медосвидетельствования на состояние опьянения предлагается штрафовать нарушителей на 40 тыс. руб. и лишать права управления ТС сроком от двух до трех лет. Сегодня за это предусмотрен штраф в размере 30 тыс. руб с лишением права управления ТС на срок от полутора до двух лет (ч. 1 ст. 12.26 КоАП РФ). Если сегодня должностное лицо, допустившее выпуск на линию неисправного ТС или переоборудованного без разрешения, подвергается штрафу в размере от 5 тыс. до 8 тыс. руб. (ч. 2 ст. 12.31 КоАП РФ), то проектом нового кодекса планируется штрафовать также ИП от 8 тыс. до 10 тыс. руб. и юрлиц на 50 тыс. руб. За наличие на управляемом автомобиле стекла или пленки (тонировки), светопропускание которых не соответствует требованиям техрегламента (ч. 3.1 ст. 12.5 КоАП РФ), предлагается увеличить штраф с 500 руб. до 1 тыс. руб.
Уточняется возможность применения запрета на посещение мест проведения официальных спортивных соревнований, он может распространиться также на выезд из РФ в период проведения соответствующего соревнования. В действующей редакции ч. 1 ст. 3.14 КоАП РФ такое ограничение на выезд не оговаривается.
Сокращен предельный срок назначения обязательных работ до 60 часов вместо 200 часов, предусмотренных сегодня в ч. 2 ст. 3.13 КоАП РФ. Дополнен список лиц, к которым не может применяться данный вид наказания, в числе которых женщины, а также одинокий родитель или лицо, его заменяющее, имеющие детей до 14 лет (вместо предусмотренного сегодня возраста детей до трех лет), детей-инвалидов; лицам, осуществляющим уход за инвалидом I и II групп, сотрудникам дипломатических представительств, консульских учреждений и т.д. Административный арест может не применяться также и к вышеуказанным лицам, и к лицам, имеющим заболевания, препятствующие его отбыванию.
Административное приостановление деятельности предлагается переименовать в административный запрет деятельности с сокращением предельного срока его назначения с 90 до 30 суток.
Общий срок давности привлечения к административной ответственности может быть установлен в один год, за исключением отдельных случаев нарушений. Сейчас по общему правилу этот срок составляет два месяца по делам, которые рассматривают органы и должностные лица, и три месяца – по делам, рассматриваемым судьями, за исключением специальных сроков, предусмотренных за отдельные правонарушения (ст. 4.5 КоАП РФ).
Введение в действие нового кодекса планируется осуществить с 1 января 2021 года. С полным текстом проекта нового КоАП2 можно ознакомиться на федеральном портале проектов нормативных правовых актов.
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1 С текстом Концепции нового Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях можно ознакомиться на официальном сайте Правительства РФ.
2 С текстом проекта Кодекса РФ об административных правонарушениях и материалами к нему можно ознакомиться на федеральном портале проектов нормативных правовых актов (ID: 02/04/01-20/00099059)
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