Мария Шувалова
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С 3 апреля заемщики – граждане и ИП – получили право обращаться к кредиторам с требованием о предоставлении так называемых кредитных каникул, под которыми понимается отсрочка исполнения обязательств заемщика по потребительскому, в том числе ипотечному, кредиту на определенный им самим, но не превышающий шести месяцев срок (ст. 6 Федерального закона от 3 апреля 2020 г. № 106-ФЗ; далее – Закон № 106-ФЗ). Заявить соответствующее требование можно до 30 сентября текущего года (включительно). При этом заемщик – ИП вправе выбрать не временное приостановление внесения платежей по кредиту, а снижение их размера в течение установленного льготного периода.
Обязательными условиями, обеспечивающими возможность предоставления таких каникул, являются:
снижение дохода заемщика (если заемщиков несколько, то их совокупного дохода) за месяц, предшествующий месяцу, в котором он обратился к кредитору с соответствующим заявлением, более чем на 30% по сравнению со среднемесячным доходом в 2019 году; отсутствие на момент обращения предоставленных заемщику по данному кредиту ипотечных каникул – соответствующий льготный период, предполагающий приостановку или уменьшение размера платежей по ипотеке, напомним, может быть установлен для лиц, находящихся в трудной жизненной ситуации, в случае, когда предметом ипотеки является их единственное жилье (ст. 6.1-1 Федерального закона от 21 декабря 2013 г. № 353-ФЗ «О потребительском кредите (займе)»); максимальный размер кредита. Данная величина, определенная Правительством РФ, составляет 250 тыс. руб. для потребительских кредитов, выданных физическим лицам, 300 тыс. руб. – для кредитов, заемщиками по которым являются ИП, 100 тыс. руб. – для займов с лимитом кредитования (имеются в виду кредитные карты), 600 тыс. руб. – для автокредитов (Постановление Правительства РФ от 3 апреля 2020 г. № 435). Для ипотечных кредитов изначально был установлен предел в 2 млн руб., однако уже через неделю данная величина была скорректирована, и сейчас за предоставлением кредитных каникул могут обращаться заемщики по ипотечным кредитам размером до 2 млн руб. Если жилое помещение – предмет ипотеки находится в Московской области, Санкт-Петербурге или на территории региона, входящего в состав Дальневосточного федерального округа, максимальный размер ипотечного кредита, позволяющий получить отсрочку по внесению платежей, составляет 3 млн руб., если в Москве – 4,5 млн руб. (Постановление Правительства РФ от 10 апреля 2020 г. № 478).
ВАЖНО
Кредитные каникулы предоставляются также субъектам малого и среднего предпринимательства, деятельность которых относится к одной из наиболее пострадавших в условиях распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции отраслей – правила установления льготного периода по их кредитам закреплены в ст. 7 Закона № 106-ФЗ. Однако если относящемуся к их числу ИП уже были предоставлены каникулы по потребительскому кредиту в соответствии со ст. 6 данного закона, обратиться за повторным, по сути, установлением льготного периода он не сможет (ч. 2 ст. 7 Закона № 106-ФЗ).
Как отметил вчера в ходе видеоинтервью председатель Комитета Госдумы по финансовому рынку Анатолий Аксаков, установленные предельные показатели позволят воспользоваться кредитными каникулами большинству заемщиков почти по всем обозначенным видам кредитов. Так, размеры потребительских кредитов 70% заемщиков не превышают 300 тыс. руб., средняя сумма этих займов – 180 тыс. руб. Средний размер займа по кредитным картам – 36 тыс. руб., что составляет менее половины установленной максимальной величины, позволяющей претендовать на предоставление кредитных каникул.
Увеличение предельных показателей по ипотечным кредитам обеспечило право на отсрочку платежей для абсолютного большинства соответствующих заемщиков – более 70% граждан, живущих за пределами Москвы, Московской области, Санкт-Петербурга и Дальневосточного федерального округа, смогут воспользоваться ипотечными каникулами, подчеркнул депутат. В Москве же, где средняя сумма ипотечного кредита составляет 4,7 млн руб., право на установление льготного периода по ипотеке теперь имеют около 68% заемщиков.
А вот взявшим кредиты для покупки автомобиля лицам не так повезло. Средний размер автокредита, по экспертным оценкам, – 800 тыс. руб., поэтому в установленные предельные рамки попадают лишь 45% оформивших кредиты на приобретение недорогих машин заемщиков. «Видимо, правительство исходило из того, что те, кто покупают дорогие машины, способны выплачивать эти кредиты. Или смогут продать дорогой автомобиль и купить подешевле», – пояснил Анатолий Аксаков.
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Пока конкретных данных о количестве уже обратившихся к кредиторам за предоставлением кредитных каникул заемщиков нет. По информации Банка России, за первую неделю апреля заемщики подали 76 тыс. заявлений об изменении условий кредитного договора с связи со снижением дохода из-за пандемии, но значительная часть из них касается собственных программ банков по реструктуризации кредитов (стоит отметить, что банки удовлетворяют только около 15% заявок по таким программам). Первые же данные о рассмотрении заявлений о предоставлении отсрочек платежей по кредитам именно в рамках Закона № 106-ФЗ регулятор намерен получить уже на этой неделе – об этом председатель Банка России Эльвира Набиуллина сообщила в ходе состоявшейся 10 апреля пресс-конференции.
По прогнозам профильного комитета Госдумы, в первое время спрос на кредитные каникулы будет большой, но впоследствии значительно снизится. «Кредит все равно нужно будет возвращать, хотя и позже, проценты в период кредитных каникул набегают, поэтому полагаю, что первый эмоциональный всплеск у желающих получить отсрочку пройдет, и многие, посчитав, на сколько сократились их доходы, хорошо подумают и будут продолжать обслуживать кредиты. И все же думаю, что сотни тысяч граждан воспользуются таким правом, тем более что это легко с точки зрения направления кредитору соответствующего требования», – заключил Анатолий Аксаков.
Кроме того, заемщикам, большинство из которых действительно как минимум по одному критерию – размеру кредита – подпадают под действие норм о предоставлении кредитных каникул, не следует забывать о двух других обязательных условиях. Если с ипотечными каникулами все просто – они либо предоставлены, и заемщик вряд ли может об этом забыть, либо нет, то к показателю снижения дохода нужно отнестись очень внимательно – кредитор вправе запрашивать у заемщика документы, подтверждающие факт уменьшения его дохода более чем на 30%, или соответствующую информацию у налоговых органов либо государственных внебюджетных фондов (ч. 7-8 ст. 6 Закона № 106-ФЗ). Несоответствие любому из установленных обязательных требований повлечет, разумеется, отказ в предоставлении заемщику кредитных каникул.
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