Маргарита Сазонова
vladimirobradovic75@gmail.com / Depositphotos.com
1 марта вступили в силу поправки в Федеральный закон от 27 июля 2006 г. № 152-ФЗ «О персональных данных» (далее – Закон № 152-ФЗ). На кого распространяется новый закон, при каких условиях и каким образом можно удалить свои персональные данные из общего доступа – в нашем материале.
Зачем нужен новый закон?
Закон направлен на создание механизмов защиты прав и свобод субъектов персональных данных, чьи персональные данные участвуют в общедоступном обороте. В соответствии с мнением депутатов Госдумы, действующая на момент внесения законопроекта на рассмотрение правовая конструкция позволяла третьим лицам осуществлять сбор и последующее неконтролируемое использование указанных персональных данных на интернет-сайтах в целях, отличных от цели их первоначального распространения, а равно с ориентиром на иные целевые аудитории, что нарушает принцип целеполагания, установленный ст. 5 Закона № 152-ФЗ.
Теперь субъект персональных данных имеет право обратиться к любому оператору персональных данных с требованием удалить его персональные данные из общего доступа без дополнительных условий доказывания факта неправомерной обработки персональных данных. Требовать от оператора блокирования или уничтожения персональных данных можно было и раньше, однако с соблюдением условия – необходимо было доказать, что они являются неполными, устаревшими, неточными, незаконно полученными или не являются необходимыми для заявленной цели обработки, а также принимать предусмотренные законом меры по защите своих прав (в соответствии с ч. 1 ст. 14 Закона № 152-ФЗ). Новый закон позволяет осуществлять соответствующие запросы только по причине того, что персональные данные принадлежат субъекту.
Основное отличие нововведений от предыдущей правовой конструкции заключается в том, что любой человек теперь сам может принять решение в отношении того, какие персональные данные могут использоваться публично. Субъект персональных данных сам устанавливает их перечень, при этом причины можно не указывать – оператор обязан удалить данные из общего доступа просто потому, что они относятся к определенному или определяемому лицу. Согласие должно быть выражено отдельно от других согласий на обработку персональных данных.
Что нового вводит закон в отношении законодательства о персональных данных?
Поправки вводят новый термин – персональные данные, разрешенные субъектом персональных данных для распространения. К ним относятся такие персональные данные, доступ неограниченного круга лиц к которым предоставлен их субъектом (подп. 1.1 ст. 3 Закона 152-ФЗ). Такое разрешение выражается путем дачи согласия на обработку персональных данных. Согласие должно оформляться отдельно от других согласий субъекта персональных данных на обработку его персональных данных. Оператор обязан обеспечить субъекту возможность определить перечень персональных данных по каждой категории, указанной в таком согласии (ч. 1 ст. 10.1 Закона № 152-ФЗ). Субъект также имеет право ограничить обработку персональных данных оператором – например, если в согласии не было прямого разрешения на распространение персональных данных, оператор имеет право их обрабатывать, но без распространения (ч. 4 ст. 10.1 Закона № 152-ФЗ). При этом молчание и бездействие субъекта персональных данных не является согласием на обработку (ч. 8 ст. 10.1 Закона № 152-ФЗ).
На кого распространяются положения закона?
Под ответственность попадают все операторы, которые выкладывают персональные данные в общий доступ. К таким оператором относятся, например, социальные сети. Таким образом согласие может быть предоставлено непосредственно оператору (в соответствии с п.1 ч. 6 ст. 10.1 Закона № 152-ФЗ), то есть направлено в письменном виде самой социальной сети. Впоследствии предоставление согласия можно будет совершать с использованием системы Роскомнадзора как уполномоченного органа по защите прав субъектов персональных данных – соответствующие поправки вступают в силу с 1 июля текущего года. Согласие должно быть рассмотрено оператором в срок не позднее трех рабочих дней (ч. 9 ст. 10.1 Закона № 152-ФЗ).
Каким образом можно прекратить обработку персональных данных в общем доступе?
Любое лицо, чьи персональные данные находятся в общем доступе, может прекратить такую обработку, включая передачу, распространение, предоставление и доступ к персональным данным. Закон определяет перечень сведений, которые должно содержать такое требование:
ФИО;контактная информация (например, номер телефона, адрес электронной почты);перечень персональных данных, обработка которых подлежит прекращению.
Таким образом, с момента поступления оператору соответствующего требования прекращается действие согласия на обработку персональных данных, разрешенных для распространения. Оператор обязан прекратить передачу (распространение, предоставление, доступ) персональных данных в течение трех рабочих дней с момента получения требования субъекта персональных данных.
Также субъект имеет право обратиться с соответствующим требованием в суд (в соответствии с ч. 14 ст. 10.1 Закона № 152-ФЗ). Оператор обязан прекратить передачу персональных данных в срок, указанный во вступившем в законную силу решении суда. Если такого указания в решении суда нет – в течение трех рабочих дней с момента вступления решения суда в законную силу.
Важно обратить внимание, что субъект персональных данных вправе обратиться с таким требованием к любому лицу, обрабатывающему его персональные данные, в случае несоблюдения положений законодательства. Иными словами, гражданство и местонахождение оператора не имеют значения – если осуществляется обработка персональных данных субъекта-гражданина РФ, то требования закона на этот случай распространяется.
Какая ответственность предусмотрена для операторов за неисполнение требований закона?
Ответственность операторов за нарушение законодательства о персональных данных регламентируется ст. 13.11 КоАП. На данный момент санкции за обработку персональных данных без согласия субъекта предусмотрены следующие:
для граждан – предупреждение или штраф в размере от 3 тыс. до 5 тыс. руб.;для должностных лиц – предупреждение или штраф от 10 тыс. до 20 тыс. руб.;для юрлиц – предупреждение или штраф от 15 тыс. до 75 тыс. руб.
С 26 марта текущего года вступят в силу поправки об ужесточении ответственности оператора за нарушение положений законодательства о персональных данных (Федеральный закон от 24 февраля 2021 г. № 19-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Кодекс Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях»). Во-первых, все существующие санкции в виде штрафов увеличиваются вдвое. Также упраздняется такой вид санкции как предупреждение. И, наконец, устанавливаются санкции за повторное нарушение.
После вступления в силу поправок санкции будут предусмотрены следующие:
для граждан – штраф в размере от 6 тыс. до 10 тыс. руб.;для должностных лиц – штраф от 20 тыс. до 40 тыс. руб.;для юрлиц – штраф от 30 тыс. до 150 тыс. руб.
При повторном нарушении предусмотрены следующие штрафы:
для граждан – штраф в размере от 10 тыс. до 20 тыс. руб.;для должностных лиц – штраф от 40 тыс. до 100 тыс. руб.;для ИП – штраф от 100 тыс. до 300 тыс. руб.;для юрлиц – штраф от 300 тыс. до 500 тыс. руб.
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