Елена Самтынова
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Совет ФПА РФ вчера утвердил Правила1 включения в соглашение адвоката с доверителем условия о вознаграждении, зависящем от результата оказания юридической помощи (далее – Правила). Данные Правила приняты во исполнение п. 4.1 ст. 25 Федерального закона от 31 мая 2002 г. № 63-ФЗ «Об адвокатской деятельности и адвокатуре в Российской Федерации» и регулируют включение в соглашение об оказании юридической помощи условия о том, что выплата (размер выплаты) вознаграждения за юридическую помощь, обусловленная результатом оказания адвокатом юридической помощи («гонораром успеха»), определяется в соответствии с принципом свободы договора и ст. 327.1 Гражданского кодекса. Это условие может быть включено в соглашение для обеспечения конституционного права на получение квалифицированной юридической помощи гражданами, у которых нет возможности выплачивать вознаграждение адвокату, и в иных случаях, не противоречащих законодательству.
В правилах содержится ряд общих требований по применению обусловленного вознаграждения:
условие о «гонораре успеха» не может быть включено в соглашение об оказании юридической помощи по уголовному делу или по делу об административном правонарушении;поскольку при заключении соглашения стороны исходят из неопределенности достижения положительного результата, то условие об обусловленном вознаграждении предполагается разумным и обоснованным; условие о «гонораре успеха» не является гарантией или обещанием положительного результата оказания юридической помощи; соглашение должно ясно и недвусмысленно определять результат оказания адвокатом юридической помощи, которым обусловлена выплата вознаграждения;»гонорар успеха» может определяться как в твердой денежной сумме, так и в процентах от размера удовлетворенных требований доверителя или от размера требований к доверителю, в удовлетворении которых было отказано. Не исключается и иной способ, позволяющий рассчитать размер вознаграждения;соглашением может быть установлено, что одна часть вознаграждения может быть обусловленной, а другая – подлежащей выплате адвокату вне зависимости от результата оказания юридической помощи (в том числе, авансом);не допускается включение в соглашение условия о выплате авансом всего «гонорара успеха»;при заключении договора адвокат обязан предупредить доверителя о том, что последнему не может быть гарантировано взыскание в качестве судебных издержек с другого лица, участвующего в деле, суммы выплаченного адвокату «гонорара успеха»;если стороны предусматривают обусловленное вознаграждение за каждый этап оказания юридической помощи, в соглашение может быть включено условие, согласно которому невыплата (выплата в неполном объеме) обусловленного вознаграждения за очередной этап является безотзывной офертой доверителя на расторжение соглашения (ст. 429.2 ГК РФ) или отменительным условием, по которому права и обязанности сторон прекращаются, за исключением обязанности доверителя по выплате вознаграждения (ст. 157 ГК РФ);стороны вправе в соответствии со ст. 327.1 ГК РФ предусмотреть обстоятельства, наступление которых повлечет обязанность адвоката полностью или в части возвратить ранее выплаченное обусловленное вознаграждение (например, при отмене судебного акта об удовлетворении требований доверителя);стороны вправе предусмотреть положение об обязательной выплате обусловленного вознаграждения (полностью или в части) в случае, если адвокатом оказана юридическая помощь, однако по вине доверителя положительный результат ее оказания не достигнут, или доверитель отказался от соглашения до достижения указанного результата.
Президент ФПА РФ Юрий Пилипенко подчеркнул, что Правила в большей степени ориентированы на принцип свободы договора и предоставляют адвокату, как самостоятельному субъекту оказания правовой помощи, возможность вместе со своим доверителем определять детали применения «гонорара успеха». Член Совета ФПА РФ Елена Авакян отметила, что для тех адвокатов, кто уже использует “гонорар успеха”, Правила предоставляют возможность в случае, если право на получение вознаграждения будет нарушено, свободно обращаться за защитой в случае нарушения такого права.
В профессиональном сообществе имеется мнение, что принятие Правил – «весьма компромиссный вариант». Член Адвокатской палаты Московской области Сергей Пепеляев, входивший в рабочую группу по подготовке проекта Правил, считает, что они незначительны по объему регулирования, но и не ограничивают свободу договора. При этом они не разрешают многих возникающих вопросов. Например, по мнению адвоката, неочевидным представляется решение в ситуации при заключении соглашения о возможности применения “гонорара успеха”, если адвокату предстоит участвовать по гражданскому иску в уголовном процессе. В этой связи, по его словам, целесообразным будет принять соответствующие методические рекомендации.
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1 С текстом Правил включения в соглашение адвоката с доверителем условия о вознаграждении, зависящем от результата оказания юридической помощи можно ознакомиться на сайте ФПА РФ (https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/rules-inclusion-in-the-agreement-between-the-lawyer-and-the-principal-terms-of-remuneration-dependin/ ).
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