Елена Самтынова
Gorodenkoff / Depositphotos.com
Борис Титов предложил1 комплекс мер по развитию высокотехнологичных компаний, который вошел в специальный доклад по проблемам регулирования и правоприменительной практики, сдерживающим развитие высокотехнологических компаний в РФ.
Из доклада следует, что в России сформировался особый сектор частных высокотехнологичных компаний, осуществляющих деятельность в области машиностроения, ИКТ, электроники, приборостроения, агротехнологий, фармацевтики, биотехнологий, медицинской техники, новых материалов и химии. Большинство таких компаний быстро перерастает критерии МСП, лишаясь государственной поддержки. При этом масштабов крупных системообразующих предприятий такие компании также пока не приобретают. Борис Титов отмечает, что чем больше будет в стране подобных компаний, тем выше выше будет конкурентоспособность всей экономики.
Предложенные меры стимулирования развития высокотехнологичных компаний предполагают совершенствование российского законодательства и правоприменительной практики в этой области: необходимо создать единый федеральный реестр высокотехнологичных и/или инновационных компаний по аналогии с действующим единым реестром субъектов МСП, рассмотреть вопрос о повышении предельных значений для признания высокотехнологичных компаний субъектами МСП для дохода (с 2 млрд до 4 млрд руб.) и числа работников (с 250 до 500 человек), ввести в законодательство единое понятие «высокотехнологичные компании», предусмотреть для них особое налоговое, таможенное и валютное регулирование, дополнительные возможности в части режима «регуляторных песочниц».
Предлагается создать специальную налоговую инспекцию, работающую с высокотехнологичными компаниями, а в профилях и моделях рисков налоговых правонарушений предусмотреть особенности формирования налоговой базы субъектов инновационного предпринимательства, повысить до 2 коэффициент по расходам высокотехнологичных компаний на научно-исследовательские и опытно-конструкторские работы (НИОКР). Сейчас данный коэффициент составляет 1,5, то есть налогоплательщик вправе включать расходы на НИОКР в состав прочих расходов в размере фактических затрат, умноженных на 1,5. При этом число видов деятельности, по которым может применяться данный коэффициент, ограничен.
Также по мнению Уполномоченного, надо закрепить в Налоговом кодексе право применять вычеты по НИОКР с коэффициентом по факту понесенных расходов, без необходимости ожидать результат НИОКР и снизить ставку налога на прибыль организаций в отношении прибыли, полученной от экспорта результатов интеллектуальной деятельности (по аналогии с “patent box”, “innovation box”). Сначала предлагается применить эту льготу на российских экспортерах, а в дальнейшем распространить ее на внутренние операции.
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Помимо этого, доклад содержит предложения о создании льготных целевых кредитных программ для высокотехнологичных компаний, процентная ставка по которым не должна быть выше 5% годовых, на срок не менее 7-10 лет. Кредиты должны пойти на инвестиционное развитие новых производственных объектов, покупку технологий и оборудования в приоритетных секторах.
Борис Титов считает необходимым ввести квоту в размере не менее 20% на закупку отечественной высокотехнологичной продукции госорганами и госкомпаниями. В докладе отмечается, что в России предусмотрена обязанность по закупке инновационной продукции только для ограниченного числа заказчиков, утвержденных Распоряжением Правительства РФ № 475-р от 21 марта 2016 года, в то время как отсутствуют правовые инструменты госзакупок в рамках доконкурентных закупок и госзаказов инновационных решений.
Кроме того, предлагается упростить внесение изменений в разрешительные документы на медизделия в случае изменений, например, в комплектующих и расходных материалах, не требующих дополнительных испытаний, и проводить оценку соответствия медизделий (аналогично мировой практике) аккредитованным органом без участия органа госвласти.
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1 С полным текстом ежегодного Доклада Уполномоченного при Президенте РФ по защите прав предпринимателей можно ознакомиться на официальном сайте бизнес-омбудсмена (http://ombudsmanbiz.ru/2020/05/boris-titov-opublikoval-ocherednoj-ezhegodnyj-doklad-upolnomochennogo-pri-prezidente-rossii-po-zashhite-prav-predprinimatelej/#1).
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