Алина Дмитриева
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Увеличение количества уголовных дел с применением ст. 210 Уголовного кодекса «Организация преступного сообщества (преступной организации) или участие в нем (ней)» является серьезным нарушением прав человека и представляет собой большую проблему для экономики и законности, а также оказывает серьезное давление на бизнес, – сообщили эксперты на состоявшейся на этой неделе пресс-конференции, посвященной обсуждению примеров необоснованной практики применения данной статьи. Напомним, что она предусматривает ответственность за создание преступного сообщества (преступной организации) с целью совместного совершения одного или нескольких тяжких или особо тяжких преступлений, либо за руководство таким сообществом, а также за координацию преступных действий и устойчивых связей между самостоятельно действующими организованными группами, разработку планов и создания условий для совершения ими преступлений. Максимальное наказание по ней – пожизненное лишение свободы (ч. 4 ст. 210 УК РФ).
Так, в октябре 2014 года было возбуждено уголовное дело по факту преступления, предусмотренного ст. 172 УК РФ «Незаконная банковская деятельность», под подозрение попал известный омский предприниматель. В течение 11 месяцев руководитель и все его сотрудники являлись на допросы следователя, но за год расследования не было получено никаких доказательств по ст. 172 УК РФ, по которой, что важно, не может быть применено заключение под стражу в качестве меры пресечения (ч. 1.1 ст. 108 Уголовно-процессуального кодекса).
14 сентября 2015 года было возбуждено уголовное дело уже по ст. 210 УК РФ, в этот же день были задержаны пять человек, включая предпринимателя, их направили в СИЗО, причем никто из указанных лиц не скрывался, а задержание произошло на очередном допросе. По словам экспертов, преступным сообществом было признано собственно юридическое лицо, а рядовыми членами стали бухгалтеры, юристы, водитель, охранник и заведующий хозяйственной частью. Орудиями преступления признали компьютеры и телефоны. В августе 2017 года дело было направлено в суд для рассмотрения, где пришли к выводу, что предъявленные обвинения не соответствуют закону, не имеют состава преступления, а преступный доход посчитан произвольно, дело вернули в Следственный комитет РФ.
На этом примере эксперты пояснили, что состав ст. 210 УК РФ хоть и выделен в отдельное преступление, по своей сути является самой тяжкой формой соучастия, причем ее редко используют по отношению к настоящим преступным сообществам. При этом действующим преступным группировкам не вменяют эту статью, так как по статье, например, за убийство (ст. 105 УК РФ) нет запрета на арест.
Дело в том, что основным признаком преступного сообщества является структурированность, и следствие, как предполагают специалисты, просто отождествляет преступное структурное подразделение с отделами рядовой коммерческой организации. Так, руководителями «преступных» подразделений становятся главный бухгалтер и начальник юридической службы.
Как считает ученый секретарь Научно-консультативного совета при Московском городском суде Юрий Беспалов, определить грань между организованной преступностью, для борьбы с которой и была создана ст. 210 УК РФ, и бизнесом достаточно сложно, так как организованная группа имеет внутреннюю структуру, как и любое юридическое лицо. При этом очень непросто доказать, что целью организации является совершение одного или нескольких преступлений, тяжких либо особо тяжких, с целью извлечения финансовой и иной материальной выгоды. По мнению эксперта, судьи и следователи должны хорошо представлять особенности ведения предпринимательской деятельности, распознавать волю по совершаемым действиям и не смешивать нормальную экономическую деятельность с мошенничеством. Юрий Беспалов добавил, что иногда совершаются следственные и судейские ошибки, так как в законодательстве есть пробелы. В частности, отсутствует единый критерий разграничения преступлений в сфере бизнеса по объекту и субъекту, как, например, в строительстве. Эксперт считает, что лица, уже участвующие в процессах по ст. 210 УК РФ, то есть адвокат и прокурор, должны добросовестно исполнять свои права и обязанности, и состязательность процесса должна быть не только прописана в процессуальном законодательстве, но и реализована на практике.
Уполномоченный при Президенте РФ по защите прав предпринимателей Борис Титов отметил, что в 2018 году в уголовной сфере было прекращено преследование лиц по ст. 210 УК РФ в 86 делах, из них 50 рассматривались на федеральном уровне и 36 – на региональном, в семи случаях прекратили уголовные дела, в двух случаях изменили приговор, а в 14 случаях – меру пресечения. Вместе с тем эксперт отметил, что этого недостаточно для изменения ситуации в стране в целом. По его мнению, если не удается привлечь предпринимателя по ст. 159 УК РФ «Мошенничество», то для оказания давления следствие подключает ст. 210 УК РФ. Бизнес-омбудсмен подчеркнул, что применение данной статьи может губительно сказаться на бизнесе. В связи с этим отдельные участники мероприятия выступили за законодательное закрепление запрета на арест по ст. 210 УК РФ, так как, по их мнению, эту статью используют для того, что избрать меру пресечения в виде ареста. В итоге, считают эксперты, в России больше не будет «бумажных» преступных сообществ.
Большинство экспертов, выражая обеспокоенность результатами применения ст. 210 УК РФ в отношении предпринимателей, выступают за подготовку соответствующих обращений в Верховный Суд Российской Федерации и Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации для предоставления разъяснений и комментариев, а также указывают на необходимость разработки соответствующей инициативы для пересмотра положений статьи в профильном комитете Госдумы и межведомственной рабочей группе при Генеральной прокуратуре РФ.
Эксперты выразили надежду, что существенные изменения произойдут и в правоприменительной практике. По их мнению, необходимо провести аудит текущих уголовных дел на предмет выявления ошибок, которые допускаются следствием, а также выявить следователей, которые инкриминируют ст. 210 УК РФ только для того, чтобы назначить содержание подозреваемого под стражей. Специалисты считают необходимым продолжить борьбу с превышением должностных полномочий со стороны следователей и выступают за усиление контроля за их деятельностью.
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