Кто может оспаривать кадастровую стоимость «чужого» земельного участка?

Ануш Согомонян

Кто может оспаривать кадастровую стоимость "чужого" земельного участка?
Складывающаяся в последние годы практика, в том числе судебная, связанная с результатами определения кадастровой стоимости земельных участков показала, что правом на их оспаривание могут быть наделены не только субъекты, прямо указанные в законе об оценочной деятельности.

Напомним, что в соответствии с действующим законодательством результаты определения кадастровой стоимости могут быть оспорены юридическими и физическими лицами в случае, если они затрагивают права и обязанности этих лиц, а также органами государственной власти, органами местного самоуправления в отношении объектов недвижимости, находящихся в их собственности (ч. 1 ст. 24.18 Федерального закона от 29 июля 1998 г. № 135-ФЗ «Об оценочной деятельности в Российской Федерации»; далее – Закон № 135-ФЗ).

В рамках состоявшегося на прошлой неделе XVII Всероссийского конгресса «Регулирование земельное-имущественных отношений» эксперты обсудили вопросы кадастра и государственной кадастровой оценки, в том числе связанные с оспариванием результатов кадастровой стоимости земельных участков органами местного самоуправления, арендатором земельного участка, налоговыми органами и кадастровой палатой.

В каких случаях органы местного самоуправления могут участвовать в спорах о кадастровой стоимости?

Как следует из ч. 1 ст. 24.18 Закона № 135-ФЗ результаты определения кадастровой стоимости могут быть оспорены органами местного самоуправления только в отношении объектов недвижимости, находящихся в собственности муниципалитета.

Как определить налоговую базу по земельному налогу в случае, когда изменяются вид разрешенного использования земельного участка и его кадастровая стоимость? Узнайте из материала «Порядок определения налоговой базы по земельному налогу» в «Энциклопедии решений. Налоги и взносы» в интернет-версии системы ГАРАНТ. Получите бесплатный доступ на 3 дня!

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Вместе с тем в постановлении от 5 июля 2016 г. № 15-П КС РФ указал, что муниципалитеты также заинтересованы в результатах кадастровой оценки земельных участков, которые не находятся в их собственности, но расположены на их территории, так как кадастровая стоимость земельного участка служит базой для расчета суммы земельного налога. В связи с этим, по мнению КС РФ, органам местного самоуправления необходимо предоставить право оспаривать кадастровую стоимость «чужих» земельных участков, расположенных на территории муниципалитета, если по заявлению собственника этого земельного участка его кадастровая стоимость была существенно снижена на основании установления рыночной стоимости. Однако, какое именно снижение считать существенным и как толковать эту норму, в постановлении не раскрывается.

«По всей видимости, это и будет являться предметом доказывания в судах,– считает эксперт в области земельных отношений Алексей Борисов. – Собственник должен будет доказать, что снижение было несущественным. Стоит отметить, что в рассмотренном КС РФ деле кадастровая стоимость земельного участка заявителем была уменьшена с 7 млрд до 450 млн руб., то есть больше чем в 15 раз. Соответственно, если мы изменяем стоимость меньше чем в 15 раз, то, может быть, есть смысл доказывать, что данный прецедент не распространяется на наш случай, и орган местного самоуправления не вправе оспаривать кадастровую стоимость. Но, тем не менее, этот вопрос остается дискуссионным».

Отметим, что несмотря на то, что КС РФ признал не соответствующим Конституции РФ положение ч. 1 ст. 24.18 Закона № 135-ФЗ, федеральный закон о государственной кадастровой оценке, который вступил в силу 1 января 2017 года, также не содержит нормы, которая позволила бы органам местного самоуправления оспаривать результаты определения кадастровой стоимости объектов недвижимости, не находящихся в их собственности.

Зависит ли право арендатора оспаривать кадастровую стоимость земельного участка от срока его аренды?

Трудности с оспариванием кадастровой стоимости недвижимости возникают не только у муниципалитетов, но и арендаторов земельных участков, находящихся в публичной собственности. Как отметил Алексей Борисов, это связано с тем, что несмотря на содержание п. 6 постановления Пленума ВС РФ от 30 июня 2015 г. № 28, в котором разъяснено, что арендаторы земельного участка вправе обращаться с заявлением об оспаривании результатов кадастровой стоимости земельных участков, судами под сомнение ставится возможность арендатора оспорить ее размер, если срок аренды недвижимости является небольшим. Рассмотрим подробнее подобный случай.

ООО «З» обратилось в суд с заявлением об установлении кадастровой стоимости арендуемого земельного участка, находящегося в публичной собственности, в размере рыночной. Суд первой инстанции отказал в принятии заявления, исходя из того, что в соответствии с действующим законодательством с заявлением об учете изменений земельных участков, находящихся в государственной или муниципальной собственности, вправе обратиться арендатор, если соответствующий договор аренды заключен на срок более чем пять лет (ч. 3 ст. 20 Федерального закона от 24 июля 2007 г. № 221-ФЗ «О государственном кадастре недвижимости» (далее – Закон № 221-ФЗ), в редакции, действовавшей до 1 января 2017 года) Таким образом, суд решил, что когда такой договор заключен на срок менее пяти лет, арендатор не вправе обращаться с требованием о внесении изменений в сведения о земельном участке, в том числе о кадастровой стоимости. Добавим, что ст. 20 Закона № 221-ФЗ признана утратившей силу с 1 января 2017 года (п. 8 ст. 22 Федерального закона от 3 июля 2016 г. № 361-ФЗ).

ОНЛАЙН-СЕМИНАР

Кто может оспаривать кадастровую стоимость "чужого" земельного участка?

Витрянский Василий,

член Совета по кодификации и совершенствованию гражданского законодательства при Президенте РФ, к. ю. н., профессор

22 мая 2017 года

Программа повышения квалификации «Реформа ГК по вопросам обязательственного и вещного права».

Принять участие

Вышестоящие суды это решение оставили без изменения (определение Владимирского областного суда от 23 марта 2015 г., апелляционное определение Судебной коллегии по административным делам Владимирского областного суда от 23 апреля 2015 г.). Вместе с тем ВС РФ встал на сторону истца, отметив, что по смыслу ст. 24.18 Закона № 135-ФЗ право арендатора земельного участка на обращение в суд в целях оспаривания результатов кадастровой стоимости не ставится в зависимость от срока действия договора аренды такого объекта недвижимого имущества (определение Судебной коллегии по административным делам ВС РФ от 14 января 2016 г. № 86-КГ15-10).

Является ли налоговый орган участником в споре о кадастровой стоимости?

За налоговую базу по земельному налогу принимается кадастровая стоимость земельных участков (ст. 390 НК РФ). Соответственно, изменение кадастровой стоимости влияет на сумму платежей по налогу. В связи с этим у налоговых органов нередко возникает вопрос, вправе ли они оспорить, по их мнению, несправедливую кадастровую стоимость земельного участка. Об одном таком споре рассказал Алексей Борисов.

Так, в одном случае, налоговики решили обжаловать решение суда, на основании которого была изменена кадастровая стоимость земельного участка. Инспекция посчитала, что рыночная стоимость земельного участка, определенная неправильно, возлагает на нее обязанность принять неверно исчисленную сумму земельного налога. Вместе с тем судьи не согласились с этим доводом и указали, что обязанность налогового органа по осуществлению контроля за соблюдением законодательства о налогах и сборах не свидетельствует о наличии у инспекции имущественно-правового интереса в спорах об оспаривании кадастровой стоимости, и приняли решение прекратить производство, так как жалоба подана лицом, не имеющим права на обжалование судебного акта (определение Восемнадцатого арбитражного апелляционного суда от 28 апреля 2016 г. № 18АП-4099/16).

Может ли кадастровая палата участвовать в спорах о кадастровой стоимости?

Достаточно часто у правоприменителей на практике возникает спор, является ли кадастровая палата участником дела об оспаривании кадастровой стоимости.

Согласно п. 7 постановления Пленума ВС РФ от 30 июня 2015 г. № 28 кадастровая палата к участию в деле привлекается, когда в суде рассматривается заявление об оспаривании кадастровой стоимости в связи с недостоверными сведениями. «В таком случае орган, на который возложена обязанность по исправлению кадастровой или технической ошибки, может дать пояснения по существу дела», – пояснил Алексей Борисов.

В качестве примера такой ситуации он привел дело, рассмотренное Московским городским судом, в котором Федеральная кадастровая палата фигурировала как соответчик (решение Московского городского суда от 3 августа 2016 г. по делу № 3А-782/2016). АО «Н» требовало установления кадастровой стоимости объекта недвижимости в размере рыночной и привлекло в качестве ответчиков Правительство Москвы, Управление Росреестра по г. Москве и Федеральную кадастровую палату по г. Москве. Суд удовлетворил требование истца, но указал, что кадастровая палата не является в данном случае надлежащим административным ответчиком, так как не утверждает результаты определения кадастровой стоимости спорного объекта недвижимости и не осуществляет функции по государственной кадастровой оценке.

Источник: garant.ru

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Я чувствую, что эта статья является настоящим источником вдохновения. Она предлагает новые идеи и вызывает желание узнать больше. Большое спасибо автору за его творческий и информативный подход!

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Позиция автора не является однозначной, что позволяет читателям более глубоко разобраться в обсуждаемой теме.

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