Елена Самтынова
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Поправки в законодательство, устанавливающие «автономность Рунета», активно обсуждались в обществе еще со стадии рассмотрения законопроекта в Госдуме. С сегодняшнего дня Федеральный закон от 1 мая 2019 г. № 90-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон «О связи» и Федеральный закон «Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации», предусматривающий создание в России национальной системы маршрутизации интернет-трафика, вступил в силу (за исключением отдельных положений, для которых установлен иной срок).
Необходимость принятых изменений вызвана созданием защитных мер для обеспечения долгосрочной и стабильной работы Интернета в Российской Федерации и повышением безопасности российских интернет-ресурсов.
Напомним, что вступившим в силу законом обозначены следующие цели и задачи:
определение правил маршрутизации трафика и обеспечение контроля за их соблюдением, то есть создание возможности для ограничения передачи в мировое цифровое пространство тех данных, которыми обмениваются между собой россияне;определение точек обмена трафиком, владельцы которых должны при возникновении угроз уметь централизованно управлять трафиком;наличие возможности установки на сетях связи технических средств, которые будут определять источник передаваемого трафика, ограничивать доступ к запрещенной информации путем запрета пропуска проходящего трафика;создание собственной инфраструктуры, позволяющей обеспечить работу российских интернет-ресурсов в случае невозможности подключения к зарубежным корневым серверам Интернета;необходимое проведение регулярных учений органов власти, операторов связи и владельцев технологических сетей по выявлению угроз и принятию мер по восстановлению работоспособности рунета.
На официальном сайте Госдумы председатель Комитета по информационной политике, информационным технологиям и связи Леонид Левин пояснил, как будет работать закон на практике. Как подчеркивает депутат, суть закона не в отключении России от Всемирной паутины, а в создании резервной системы обеспечения доступности ресурсов сети Интернет для российских пользователей. Закон призван повысить надежность и качество услуг связи, чтобы независимо от различных условий, внешних или внутренних, сервисы (электронные госуслуги, онлайн-банкинг, соцсети, интернет-магазины) были доступны для граждан в полном объеме.
Парламентарий раскрыл понятие «точки обмена трафиком». Это место, где объединены сети различных провайдеров интернет-услуг, хостинг-провайдеров, в котором предлагаются маршруты движения пакетов информации, там же происходит обмен трафиком на высоких скоростях. При определении маршрута данных к конкретному IP-адресу используются номера автономных систем, что упрощает процесс маршрутизации. Для лучшего понимания применима аналогия с почтой, где номер автономной системы – это почтовый индекс, а IP-адрес – полный адрес абонента.
Относительно беспокойства россиян по поводу удорожания услуг по предоставлению Интернета из-за трат операторов на специальное техническое оборудование Леонид Левин пояснил, что, по заверениям авторов закона, расходы по закупке оборудования уже заложены в бюджет на 2019 – 2021 годы в рамках реализации программы «Цифровая экономика».
Централизованное управление трафиком в Рунете будет вводиться в случае выявления критического сбоя внешней сети или умышленного воздействия на национальный сегмент Интернета извне. Порядок такого управления еще предстоит разработать Правительству РФ.
По словам Леонида Левина, ограничение доступа к запрещенной информации путем запрета пропуска проходящего трафика предполагает переход через более точные инструменты на совершенный уровень, который не должен отразиться на качестве доступа граждан и компаний к Интернету.
Блокировка запрещенного контента в сети Интернет, к слову, в России уже осуществляется с 1 ноября 2012 г. на основании ст. 15.1 Федерального закона от 27 июля 2006 г. № 149-ФЗ «Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации» в порядке, установленном Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций.
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