Екатерина Уцына
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ФНС России выпустила разъяснения по вопросу исчисления земельного налога в отношении участков с видом разрешенного использования «для ИЖС», используемых в предпринимательской деятельности (письмо ФНС России от 3 июля 2020 г. № СД-4-3/10778).
Банком был получен в счет погашения долга заемщика земельный участок с установленным видом разрешенного использования «под индивидуальный жилой дом» с расположенным на нем жилым домом. При проведении проверки инспекцией было установлено, что участок с кадастровым номером был получен в счет погашения долга и не использовался по целевому назначению (учет осуществлялся на лицевом счете 619 «Недвижимость, временно неиспользуемая в основной деятельности»).
Поскольку банк является коммерческой организацией и его основной целью деятельности является получение прибыли при осуществлении банковских операций, то налоговой службой был сделан вывод о неправомерном применении пониженной налоговой ставки по земельному налогу.
Так, нормами налогового законодательства установлено, что налоговые ставки по земельному налогу устанавливаются нормативными правовыми актами представительных органов муниципальных образований и не могут превышать 0,3% в отношении земельных участков, занятых жилищным фондом и объектами инженерной инфраструктуры жилищно-коммунального комплекса или приобретенных (предоставленных) для жилищного строительства (подп. 1 п. 1 ст. 394 Налогового кодекса). Как разъяснила ФНС России, по смыслу налогового законодательства пониженная ставка земельного налога в размере, не превышающем 0,3%, применяется в отношении земельных участков, приобретенных (предоставленных) для удовлетворения личных потребностей граждан, их некоммерческих объединений и используемых в непредпринимательской деятельности (по целевому назначению).
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В отношении прочих земельных участков предельная налоговая ставка по налогу установлена в размере 1,5% (подп. 2 п. 1 ст. 394 НК РФ).
Для применения налоговой ставки в размере, не превышающем 0,3%, в отношении земельных участков, приобретенных (предоставленных) для ИЖС, необходимо соблюдение одновременно двух условий: отнесение земельного участка к определенной категории или виду разрешенного использования и использование этого земельного участка по целевому назначению (в непредпринимательской деятельности). Пользование земельным участком в соответствии с целевым назначением предполагает фактическое использование земельных участков в целях, установленных при его предоставлении, и определяется положениями Земельного кодекса.
Поэтому, как указала налоговая служба, исчисление земельного налога в отношении земельных участков с видом разрешенного использования «для ИЖС», в том числе под индивидуальный жилой дом, используемых в предпринимательской деятельности, осуществляется с учетом налоговой ставки, не превышающей 15%.
При этом, допускается установление дифференцированных налоговых ставок в зависимости от категорий земель и (или) разрешенного использования земельного участка (п. 2 ст. 394 НК РФ).
ФНС России указала, что к документам — источникам сведений для определения факта использования земельного участка в предпринимательской деятельности, в частности, могут относиться сведения, представленные органами, осуществляющими государственный земельный надзор, муниципальный земельный контроль, материалы проверок правоохранительных органов, полученные в соответствии с законодательством РФ, сведения, содержащиеся в налоговой или бухгалтерской (финансовой) отчетности, данные, содержащиеся в реестрах, ведение которых осуществляют налоговые органы, сведения, представленные в порядке межведомственного информационного взаимодействия, и прочее.
Помимо этого, налоговые и судебные орган для вывода о применении налоговой ставки в отношении земельных участков в размере 1,5% от кадастровой стоимости учитывают и другие обстоятельства. Например, такие, как наличие множественности земельных участков, принадлежащих одному лицу, зарегистрированному в качестве предпринимателя, основным видом деятельности которого является продажа недвижимости. Или установление признаков коммерческого землепользования (для извлечения прибыли), в том числе создание на соответствующей территории инфраструктуры (построены дороги, подведено электричество для дальнейшей застройки и прочее), наличие фактов дальнейшей реализации земельных участков, то есть их использование налогоплательщиком в предпринимательской деятельности.
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