Правовые аспекты взаимодействия между государством и религиозными организациями обсудили на тематической дискуссионной сессии «Государственно-конфессиональные отношения» в рамках VII Петербургского Международного Юридического форума, сообщает пресс-служба Форума.В дискуссии приняли участие руководитель юридической службы Московской Патриархии игуменья Ксения (Оксана Чернега); доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой Всероссийского государственного университета юстиции (РПА Минюста России) Вадим Виноградов; первый заместитель председателя Духовного управления мусульман Российской Федерации Дамир Мухетдинов; руководитель юридического отдела Централизованной религиозной организации ортодоксального иудаизма «Федерация еврейских общин России» Евгений Романов; швейцарский адвокат Оливер Чирич; профессор факультета государственного управления Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоновова Михаил Шахов. Модератором сессии выступил Председатель Комитета Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации по развитию гражданского общества, вопросам общественных и религиозных объединений Сергей Гаврилов.Открывая дискуссию, модератор Сергей Гаврилов отметил, что подобное обсуждение впервые проводится в рамках Форума и для участия в сессии приглашены эксперты, которые редко выступают на публике – руководители правовых служб религиозных конфессий, ученые международного уровня, занимающиеся правовыми отношениями конфессий и государства.«Наш уникальный российский опыт настолько сложен и разнообразен, что трудно вычленить отдельные фрагменты, которые взаимодействуют между собой. В этот день, я вспомнил, в нашей истории произошло два знаменательных события – день рождения Николая II, который является святым, и День пионерии. Я должен сказать, что в сознании наших сограждан эти факторы вполне сочетаемые. Мы считаем, что наша страна является светской по сравнению с другими странами. Но та практика, которой руководствовались законодатели 20 лет назад, радикально изменилась. Основные конфессии все больше влияют не только на своих членов, но и на государство, на политический мир, на законодательство. Это источник правовой слабости или источник процветания? Наше законодательство является реагирующим на вызовы – я хочу напомнить, что мы уже приняли ряд важных решений. Но нам еще есть над чем работать», — пояснил модератор сессии.Руководитель юридической службы Московской Патриархии игуменья Ксения напомнила участникам дискуссии о положениях, которыми регулируются взаимоотношения Церкви и государства, — статьей 14 Конституции Российской Федерации и Федеральным законом «О свободе совести и религиозных объединений». «Очень часто приходится слышать вопрос: если религиозные объединения отделены от государства, то чем обусловлено оказание государственной поддержки конфессиям? Характерно, что основные формы поддержки регулируются статьей 4 закона «О свободе совести»», — отметила игуменья Ксения.Первый заместитель председателя Духовного управления мусульман Российской Федерации Дамир Мухетдинов обратил внимание участников дискуссии на то, что государству требуется с вниманием относится к нуждам основных конфессий и модернизации законодательства. В противном случае, считает эксперт, общество могут ждать негативные последствия. «Если с одной стороны мы, как государство, говорим о необходимости введения в школах основ религии, а с другой стороны говорим, что хиджаб никакого отношения к школе не имеет, получается дихотомия. Вы одной рукой даете, а другой запрещаете. Иногда говорят, что мусульмане это только периферия, но Москва – это крупнейшая европейская мусульманская столица, там проживает до трех миллионов мусульман. Мусульмане не могут понять, почему они не могут построить мечеть в крупном мегаполисе. Повестка дня стремительно меняется и государство не успевает, отчасти, регулировать правовые отношения. Тогда мусульмане становятся жертвой вербовки», — прокомментировал Дамир Мухетдинов.Профессор факультета государственного управления Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоновова Михаил Шахов отметил, что, на его взгляд, одной из проблем взаимодействия государства и основных конфессий является отсутствие четкого толкования понятия «светское государство», которое содержится в Конституции Российской Федерации. «Принято считать, что это нечто конкретное и определенное, на самом деле все не совсем так ясно.Положение, согласно которому наша страна является светским государством, то есть статья 14 Конституции Российской Федерации, появилось в 1993 году впервые в истории нашей страны. В мире очень мало стран, где в законе содержится положение о светском государстве, всего три в Европе – Турция, Франция и Россия. В других странах таких норм нет», — подчеркнул эксперт. По мнению Михаила Шахова, задачей законодателей является большая конкретизация правового принципа светскости. При этом устранение термина из Конституции как лишенного точного юридического содержания представляется ученому практически невозможным по политическим и процессуальным причинам. В числе положений, требующих уточнения, он назвал пункт 4 статьи 4 и пункт 3 статьи 6 Федерального закона «О свободе совести и религиозных объединений».«Речь идет не о том, чтобы вычеркнуть написанное. Но то, что термин не определен – представляет проблему. Всякий недовольный социальной активностью религии апеллирует к этому, это идеологический молоток для тех, кто не доволен религиозной жизнью общества», — заключил Михаил Шахов.Заведующий кафедрой Всероссийского государственного университета юстиции (РПА Минюста России) Вадим Виноградов согласился с коллегой в том, что понятие «светское государство» представляется размытым. Однако он отметил, что у неопределенности норм есть и положительные стороны.«Такая неопределенность позволяет допустить разные интерпретации, тем более что нормы статьи 14 не подвергались толкованию Конституционного суда. Неопределенность границ допускает достижение разных компромиссов, которые требуются в нашем обществе. Принцип светскости и отделения государства от религиозных объединений должен трактоваться в гармонии с принципом свободы совести. Что мы понимаем под термином отделение? В него нельзя вкладывать то, что государство и религиозные объединения не должны иметь ничего общего. Нельзя говорить о том, что государство и Церковь не имеют никаких отношений или трактовать этот принцип как враждебный. Следует говорить о взаимной автономности. Здесь ключевым моментом может быть позитивный нейтралитет государства в отношении религиозных объединений, когда государство признает их важность», — прокомментировал Вадим Виноградов.Руководитель юридического отдела Централизованной религиозной организации ортодоксального иудаизма «Федерация еврейских общин России» Евгений Романов отметил необходимость совершенствования законодательства в области благотворительной деятельности, которой часто занимаются различные религиозные организации. «В состав как нашей конфессии, так и других, входит огромное количество общин. И оказание благотворительной помощи оказывается наиболее эффективным через такие структуры. Мы давно предлагаем рассмотреть вопрос относительно налогового вычета для жертвователей – как физических, так и юридических лиц», — отметил эксперт.Подводя итоги сессии, модератор Сергей Гаврилов поблагодарил всех участников за высказанные мнения и отметил, что дискуссия получилась интересной и плодотворной.
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