Елена Самтынова
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На федеральном портале проектов нормативных правовых актов размещен проект положения о возмещении убытков правообладателям недвижимости. На сегодняшний день действуют Правила возмещения убытков, утвержденные постановлением Правительства РФ от 7 мая 2003 г. № 262 (далее – Правила). В предложенном Минэкономразвития России проекте положения1 более подробно представлен понятийный аппарат, применяемый в данной сфере, а также детальной проработке подверглись вопросы:
установления порядка определения убытков;определения условий соглашений о выкупе недвижимого имущества;возмещения убытков в связи с прекращением прав;соглашения о возмещении убытков;правил учета платы за публичный сервитут.
Так, например, перечень состава убытков, вызванных ограничением прав, не является закрытым, в него могут входить, в том числе убытки, связанные с уменьшением рыночной стоимости земельных участков (прав на них); расходы, связанные с приведением хозяйственной деятельности на земельном участке в соответствие с ограничениями использования земельных участков, установленными в границах зоны с особыми условиями использования территории или в границах сервитута (публичного сервитута); расходы на проектирование, подготовку и осуществление строительства, которое начато до наступления причин убытков и не может быть завершено; стоимость земельного участка и (или) иной недвижимости (прав на него), которые не могут быть использованы вследствие наступления причин убытков, а также стоимость их неотделимых улучшений, включая стоимость поврежденных лесных или сельскохозяйственных насаждений и другие расходы, то есть все расходы, которые правообладатели зданий, сооружений, объектов незавершенного строительства понесли до дня причинения убытков с целью получения дохода от правомерного использования земельных участков, но в силу наступления причины убытков, не могут быть получены.
В числе убытков, вызванных ухудшением качества земель, названы убытки, определенные исходя из стоимости подготовки проекта рекультивации земель и ее проведения, убытки в размере рыночной стоимости соответствующего земельного участка и расположенных на нем объектов недвижимости – в случае необходимости консервации земельного участка; убытки, вызванные уменьшением рыночной стоимости земельного участка при невозможности полного восстановления полезных свойств земель путем их рекультивации; убытки, вызванные перерывом хозяйственной деятельности на время осуществления рекультивации земель; убытки, возникающие в связи с расторжением договоров в связи с невозможностью их исполнения, если причиной их расторжения явилось ухудшение качества земель; прочие убытки, вызванные ухудшением качества земель. Размер убытков планируется определять в соответствии с Федеральным законом от 29 июля 1998 года № 135-ФЗ «Об оценочной деятельности в Российской Федерации» с возможным привлечением оценщиков. Предполагается, что по каждому виду убытков необходимо предусматривать наличие прямой связи между причинами убытков и самими убытками, при этом причина должна учитываться однократно. Размер убытков должен определяться из совокупности размера реального ущерба и размера упущенной выгоды, которые несут правообладатели недвижимости, порядок исчисления которых также прописывается. Согласно проекту положения основаниями для возмещения убытков в отличие от действующего порядка (п. 2 Правил) могут стать решение суда или соглашение:
о возмещении убытков, заключаемое между правообладателями недвижимости и лицами, возмещающими убытки:о выкупе недвижимого имущества;о возмещении убытков в связи с прекращением прав;о возмещении убытков;об установлении сервитута;об осуществлении публичного сервитута.
В соглашении помимо основных сведений должна быть прописана форма возмещения убытков (денежная или натуральная). Если убытки причинены несколькими лицами, соглашение должно быть подписано с каждым из них (возможно как в письменном так и в электронном виде с помощью усиленной квалифицированной электронной подписи).
Предусмотрены также условия, которые должны содержаться в требовании о возмещении убытков, в их числе: расчет размера убытков, в том числе определение стоимости имущества, подлежащего выкупу, стоимости прав, подлежащих прекращению, подготовки документации, стоимость работ по сносу или реконструкции здания либо сооружения, вид и описание недвижимого имущества, предоставляемого взамен недвижимого имущества, права на которое подлежат прекращению, либо описание иного натурального возмещения (осуществление рекультивации и (или) мелиорации земель, устройство дорог, закладка многолетних насаждений, реконструкция зданий или сооружений, ремонтно-восстановительные работы и тому подобное, в случае, если возмещение полностью или частично предоставляется в натуральной форме). Напомним, сегодня расчет размера убытков производится на основании Методических рекомендаций утв. приказом Минэкономразвития России от 14 января 2016 г. № 10.
К требованию должны прилагаться копии документов, подтверждающих личность предъявителя, его права на участок и объект недвижимого имущества, доверенность, если за него действует представитель, и иные документы по желанию правообладателя недвижимости (отчет об оценке, проект организации работ по сносу объекта капитального строительства и т.д.). Порядок заключения соглашений предусматривает также срок рассмотрения требования лицом, возмещающим убытки (не более 60 календарных дней) и основания возврата требования. А если по истечении этого срока со дня получения правообладателем недвижимости возвращенных документов не заключено, то споры (в том числе по условиям соглашения) рассматриваются судом.
Отмечается, что плата за публичный сервитут, выплаченная обладателем публичного сервитута правообладателю недвижимости, уменьшает размер убытков, причиненных в связи с установлением зон с особыми условиями использования территории в случае, если установление публичного сервитута и зоны с особыми условиями использования территории связаны с осуществлением одной и той же деятельности.
Общественное обсуждение и антикоррупционная экспертиза по проекту продлятся до 28 февраля.
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1 С текстом проекта положения Минэкономразвития России «О возмещении убытков правообладателям недвижимости» и материалами к нему можно ознакомиться на федеральном портале проектов нормативных правовых актов (ID: 02/07/02-20/00099357).
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