Александра Урошлева
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Регулирование отношений, связанных с организацией и осуществлением государственного контроля (надзора), муниципального контроля предполагается реформировать. Правительство РФ еще в декабре 2017 года внесло в Госдуму проект закона «О государственном контроле (надзоре) и муниципальном контроле в Российской Федерации». 21 февраля 2018 года нижняя палата парламента приняла его в первом чтении. Однако на данный момент Минэкономразвития России разработало новую версию законопроекта, которая была представлена в рамках IX Петербургского Международного Юридического Форума. 16 мая началось ее публичное обсуждение, которое продлится до 13 июня1.
Заместитель Министра экономического развития России, к. ю. н. Савва Шипов на совещании в Совете Федерации пояснил, что ключевыми задачами реформы являются повышение эффективности контрольно-надзорной деятельности и изменение направленности контроля – он должен стать более «дружелюбным» по отношению к предпринимателям. В случае принятия на основе проекта соответствующего закона утратит силу Федеральный закон от 26 декабря 2008 г. № 294-ФЗ «О защите прав юридических лиц и индивидуальных предпринимателей при осуществлении государственного контроля (надзора) и муниципального контроля». Заместитель министра обратил внимание на то, что в обсуждаемом законопроекте определяются понятия предмета и объектов контроля, что важно для понимания в целом механизма осуществления контрольно-надзорной деятельности, общие принципы реализации которой действующим регулированием не определяются.
Предметом контроля согласно проекту является оценка соблюдения гражданами и организациями обязательных требований и исполнения решений контрольно-надзорных органов по обеспечению выполнения этих требований. Обязательные требования в свою очередь определяются как установленные международными договорами России, актами органов ЕАЭС, федеральными законами, иными нормативными актами РФ, законами субъектов РФ и муниципальными НПА условия, ограничения, запреты, обязанности, которые адресованы контролируемым лицам, предъявляются к их продукции (товарам), деятельности, результатам ее осуществления, объектам, используемым в рамках такой деятельности. Обязательные требования могут также устанавливаться, например, документами по стандартизации, локальными актами организаций. Но в таком случае обязанность их соблюдения должна быть предусмотрена перечисленными выше НПА.
К объектам контроля согласно законопроекту относятся представляющие опасность причинения вреда (ущерба) охраняемым законом ценностям и подлежащие в связи с этим оценке на соответствие обязательным требованиям:
БЛАНК
Журнал учета проверок юридического лица, индивидуального предпринимателя, проводимых органами государственного контроля (надзора), органами муниципального контроля
Другие бланки
деятельность и результаты деятельности граждан и организаций (товары, работы, услуги), за исключением отдельных видов предпринимательской деятельности и ее результатов, в отношении которой предусмотрены условия ее осуществления гражданами без госрегистрации в качестве ИП; производственные объекты – здания, помещения, сооружения, территории, в том числе водные, земельные и лесные участки, оборудование, устройства, предметы, материалы, транспортные средства, животные, растения и другие объекты материального мира, которыми граждане и организации владеют и (или) пользуются.
Одним из ключевых нововведений реформы контрольно-надзорной деятельности должно стать, по словам Саввы Шипова, внедрение широкой линейки инструментов контроля. «Сейчас используются в основном проверки. А ведь в рамках проверки можно запросить практически любые документы, осмотреть место, взять объяснения. Это может парализовать работу предпринимателя», – заметил представитель Минэкономразвития России. В законопроекте помимо проверки предусмотрены контрольные инструменты, которые могут реализовываться с меньшими издержками для контролирующих органов и бизнеса:
выездное обследование, предусматривающее возможность для инспектора выехать на местность и просто убедиться в существовании того или иного объекта, провести визуальный осмотр без взаимодействия с контролируемым лицом; контрольная закупка, в ходе которой инспектор совершает действия по созданию ситуации для осуществления сделки в целях проверки соблюдения контролируемым лицом обязательных требований при продаже товаров, выполнении работ, оказании услуг потребителям; мониторинговая закупка, отличающаяся от контрольной тем, что сделку инспектор осуществляет для последующего направления продукции, результатов работ, услуг на испытание, экспертизу, проведения исследования выполненных работ, оказанных услуг на предмет соблюдения предъявляемых к ним требований по качеству и безопасности; выборочный контроль, в рамках которого инспектор вправе изъять образцы продукции для осуществления проверки соблюдения требований по качеству и безопасности; инспекционный визит, в рамках которого инспектор может приехать и осмотреть, исследовать объект, а также опросить контролируемое лицо, получить от него письменные объяснения; рейд, который представляет собой контрольное мероприятие, проводимое в целях оценки соблюдения обязательных требований по использованию объектов контроля, осуществления деятельности контролируемыми лицами на определенной территории.
Савва Шипов подчеркнул, что внеплановые контрольно-надзорные мероприятия могут проводиться, только если срабатывают индикаторы риска. Конкретные индикаторы должны будут устанавливаться подзаконными актами. Кроме того, он указал, что проведение каждого контрольного мероприятия должно фиксироваться в информационных системах. Отдельная глава в законопроекте посвящена информационным ресурсам государственного и муниципального контроля.
В пояснительной записке к законопроекту отмечается, что особый акцент в нем сделан на стимулировании добросовестности контролируемых лиц и профилактике рисков причинения вреда (ущерба) охраняемым законом ценностям. Планируется при осуществлении контроля сделать приоритетным проведение не контрольно-надзорных, а профилактических мероприятий.
К механизмам уменьшения интенсивности контрольно-надзорной деятельности, заложенным законопроектом, можно отнести также добровольное использование негосударственных форм контроля и независимой оценки соблюдения обязательных требований и добровольный мониторинг. К негосударственным формам контроля, использование которых по общему правилу исключает проведение в отношении контролируемых лиц плановых и внеплановых контрольно-надзорных мероприятий по соответствующему предмету, отнесены в проекте подтверждение соблюдения обязательных требований независимыми организациями, контроль СРО за деятельностью своих членов и страхование рисков причинения вреда (ущерба). А организация добровольного мониторинга предполагает заключение соглашения контролируемого лица с контрольно-надзорным органом, предусматривающего наблюдение за таким лицом с помощью работающих в автоматическом режиме специальных технических средств, имеющих функции фото- и киносъемки, видеозаписи, иных средств сбора или фиксации информации. Соответствующие контролируемые лица освобождаются согласно законопроекту от плановых контрольно-надзорных мероприятий в отношении требований, являющихся предметом такого мониторинга.
Одним из наиболее значимых положений реформы Савва Шипов считает отход от так называемой «палочной» системы оценки эффективности контроля, в рамках которой результативность измеряется количеством взысканных штрафов, проведенных проверок и т. д. Законопроектом закладывается переход к осуществлению контрольно-надзорной деятельности на основе управление рисками причинения вреда (ущерба) охраняемым законом ценностям. Порядок оценки результативности и эффективности государственного контроля (надзора), муниципального контроля должно будет определить Правительство РФ. Отметим также, что планируется внедрить в практику реализации государственного и муниципального контроля среди прочих принципы соразмерности вмешательства в деятельность контролируемых лиц и недопустимости множественного контроля. Последним запрещается проведение в отношении одного и того же лица контроля с целью оценки соблюдения одних и тех же требований несколькими контрольно-надзорными органами.
Законопроект, по словам Саввы Шипова, планируется принять до конца текущего года. В крайнем случае – в I квартале следующего. В целом реформа должна быть реализована, с учетом предполагаемого переходного периода, к 1 января 2021 года. Частично реформы государственного и муниципального контроля касается и подготовка нового КоАП, работа над концепцией которого также должна быть завершена к началу 2021 года.
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1 С текстом проекта закона «О государственном контроле (надзоре) и муниципальном контроле в Российской Федерации» и материалами к нему можно ознакомиться на федеральном портале проектов нормативных правовых актов (ID: 02/04/05-19/00091298).
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