Екатерина Чернявская
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Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации пришел к указанному выводу, рассмотрев жалобу гражданина Д., а также совместное обращение от граждан К., Ш. и С. Суть первого дела заключалась в том, что Д. был сокращен с должности исполняющего обязанности главного научного сотрудника в научном центре. Однако при увольнении ему не была выплачена компенсация за неиспользованные отпуска за период работы с 1997 года по 2012 год. В связи с этим 11 марта 2016 года он обратился в районный суд с иском о взыскании соответствующей компенсации, процентов за задержку ее выплаты и о возмещении морального вреда. Однако неудачно – и он, и апелляционный суд отказали в его удовлетворении.
Они обосновали свою позицию тем, что истец мог обратиться в суд только в течение трех месяцев со дня истечения 18-месячного периода, в течение которого у него было право на предоставление неиспользованного отпуска, то есть не позднее 2014 года (п. 1 ст. 9 Конвенции Международной организации труда № 132 «Об оплачиваемых отпусках»). Впоследствии ему было также отказано в передаче жалоб для рассмотрения в суде кассационной инстанции.
После этого заявитель обратился в КС РФ, указывая на неконституционность ч. 1 ст. 127 и ч. 1 ст. 392 Трудового кодекса. Напомним, что согласно положениям этих норм при увольнении работнику выплачивается денежная компенсация за все неиспользованные отпуска. При этом сотрудник вправе обратиться в суд за разрешением индивидуального трудового спора в течение трех месяцев со дня, когда он узнал или должен был узнать о нарушении своего права.
Аналитическая система «Сутяжник» поможет узнать, какие обстоятельства являются решающими для судов в конкретном виде споров. Вы сможете понять, как нужно скорректировать исковое заявление или претензию, чтобы увеличить вероятность принятия решения в вашу пользу. Начать работу
КС РФ пришел к заключению, что обжалуемые нормы не ограничивают право работника на получение при увольнении денежной компенсации за все неиспользованные отпуска. А если она не была выплачена сотруднику при увольнении, то он вправе взыскать компенсацию в суд вне зависимости от времени, прошедшего с момента окончания рабочего года, за который должен был быть предоставлен тот или иной неиспользованный отпуск. Такое право будет у него при условии обращения туда в пределах установленного законом срока, исчисляемого с момента прекращения трудового договора работника.
В результате спорные нормы закона были признаны не противоречащими Конституции РФ в случае толкования по смыслу, представленному в указанном постановлении. А правоприменительные решения по делам заявителей, расходящиеся с ним по смыслу, будут пересмотрены (Постановление КС РФ от 25 октября 2018 г. № 38-П).
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