Елена Самтынова
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В нижнюю палату парламента внесен еще один законопроект о внесении изменений в Трудовой кодекс, направленный на установление особенностей регулирования труда дистанционных работников. В число авторов инициативы вошли спикеры обеих палат парламента Вячеслав Володин и Валентина Матвиенко. Напомним, ранее в Госдуму поступил законопроект Московской городской Думы о закреплении в ТК РФ понятий временной или частичной дистанционных форм работы (портал ГАРАНТ.РУ рассказывал о существе данного проекта). В настоящий момент документ направлен в профильный комитет нижней палаты парламента.
Новый законопроект1 предлагает упорядочить понятийный аппарат, разграничив три ключевых понятия:
дистанционная (удаленная) работа. Содержание данного понятия уже содержится в действующей редакции ТК РФ; временная дистанционная (удаленная) работа – это режим работы, предусматривающий временное выполнение трудовой функции работника, работающего на основании трудового договора, вне стационарного рабочего места, находящегося под контролем работодателя; комбинированная дистанционная (удаленная) работа. Такой режим включает в себя работу и на стационарном рабочем месте, и дистанционную работу.
Согласно законопроекту соответствующий характер дистанционной работы должен быть прописан в трудовом договоре или соглашении об изменении условий трудового договора. Такие договоры могут заключаться путем обмена электронными документами, что не исключает направления работнику экземпляра договора на бумажном носителе. Местом заключения такого договора будет считаться место нахождения работодателя.
В договоре о дистанционной работе предлагается устанавливать условие об обязанности дистанционного работника использовать оборудование, программно-технические средства, средства защиты информации и иные средства, предоставленные или рекомендованные работодателем. Также работник вправе использовать свое личное оборудование, программно-технические средства, средства защиты информации, при этом в локальных актах или в самом трудовом договоре может быть прописан порядок компенсации расходов, связанных с использованием работником личного оборудования. Условие о рабочем месте в договоре может не указываться.
Законопроект допускает в трудовом договоре прописывать обязанность дистанционного работника отвечать на звонки, электронные письма и запросы работодателя, также срок, в течение которого дистанционный работник обязан реагировать на запросы работодателя в течение рабочего времени. При этом подчеркнуто, что работник не может быть привлечен к ответственности за несвоевременный ответ или отсутствие ответа на запросы работодателя, если такой порядок взаимодействия не был согласован в договоре.
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Временная дистанционная (удаленная) работа предполагается в случаях, обусловленных соглашением сторон, производственной необходимостью, катастрофой природного или техногенного характера, производственной аварией, несчастным случаем, природными катаклизмами, эпидемией и другими ситуациями, ставящими под угрозу жизнь населения. Оговорено, что заработная плата при временной дистанционной (удаленной) работе выплачивается в полном размере при сохранении объема работы, обусловленной трудовым договором.
При введении режима временной дистанционной работы (в упрощенном порядке) предлагается не изменять условия трудового договора и дополнительного соглашения не заключать, а способы взаимодействия работодателя и работников устанавливать в локальных нормативных актах, принятых с учетом мнения выборного органа первичной профсоюзной организации. Работник должен быть ознакомлен с указанными актами. Предусматривается перечень лиц, которых следует перевести на временную дистанционную работу в приоритетном порядке (беременные женщины, пенсионеры по возрасту, инвалиды, родители детей до 14 лет и т. д.).
Установление комбинированного режима работы предлагается осуществлять в том же порядке, который предусмотрен для временной дистанционной (удаленной) работы. При этом установленные для дистанционного характера работы особенности организации и охраны труда, режима рабочего времени и времени отдыха не должны распространяться на период выполнения работы на стационарном рабочем месте.
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1 С текстом законопроекта № 973264-7 «О внесении изменений в Трудовой кодекс Российской Федерации в части регулирования дистанционной и удаленной работы» и материалами к нему можно ознакомиться на официальном сайте Госдумы.
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